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美聯儲年底最後一次例會,選擇觀望還是繼續寬松?

在通脹與增長之間尋求平衡

時間一轉眼來到歲末,今年的政經環境有如過山車般高低起伏,12月美聯儲即將進行最後一次利率表決。 我們可以從11月利率政策會議紀要找尋下一步線索。 其中討論的一個關鍵是,許多官員表態如果經濟數據達到預期——具體形容,通脹穩步下降至2% 的目標,且經濟保持接近充分就業水平——則可能會逐步從限制性過渡到更加中性的貨幣政策立場。 該會議紀錄首次出現「逐步」一詞,與前次措辭有顯著差異,代表美聯儲確實正在放緩降息。

有一個地方值得注意,通脹率向2%邁進充滿信心的聲明已在新聞稿中刪除,表示美聯儲官員正在觀察短期通脹停滯威脅,而這可能在決定是否繼續降息手段的樞紐。 另一方面,我們亦可從市場資金流向驗證事實,從下圖所示: 美元指數自9月18日FOMC因擔憂經濟放緩而首次貨幣寬松後,行情結束約莫兩周盤整便陡峭爬升,在在顯示市場已經縮減對未來利率走向速度與空間的期待。

(美元指數)

(美元指數)

我們從一些經濟指標來觀察年底有沒有機會再看到減息的證據。 美國商務部于11月27日公布的10月個人消費支出指數(PCE),這是美聯儲偏好使用的通貨膨脹溫度計,年增率符合市場預期為2.3%,也是高于9月的2.1%! 核心PCE則是年成長2.8%,雖然與市場預期符合,但是已經創下今年4月以來的最大年增率。

服務價格上漲是主要推動力,另外不包括住房與能源的核心服務價格,比起9月成長0.4%,造就今年3月以來最大月增幅。 短期通脹已經出現黏著現象,沒有辦法再往下修。 核心PCE依照三個月的年化比率計算為2.8%,此結果距離2%設定目標還有一段距離需要努力。

(核心PCE YoY%,美國經濟分析局)

(核心PCE YoY%,美國經濟分析局)

10月失業率連兩月依舊維持在4.1%,受飓風與企業刪減人力事件影響之下都還可以維持相當水平。 因此看待接下來的更新數據偏正面看待,可以視為季節性調整,也就是說沒有出現疲軟的情況。 其他數據也指出經濟尚屬健康: 10月個人支出月增0.4%;美國第三季GDP年率擴長2.7%,表明家庭與企業支出仍具相當韌性。

(失業率,美國經濟分析局)

(失業率,美國經濟分析局)

(GDP YoY%,美國經濟分析局)

(GDP YoY%,美國經濟分析局)

我們再檢視制造業的景氣,美國11月ISM制造業PMI指數達48.4,優于市場估值47.6。 本年度迄今僅3月出現高于榮枯阈值50以上數據,不過深入細項可發現到新訂單指數經曆8個月之後,數字紀錄到50.4,比起前月的47.1要多出3.3,創5個月以來最高升幅! 因此産業還沒完全脫離泥淖,但出現正向軌迹。

(制造業采購經理人指數,ISM)

(制造業采購經理人指數,ISM)

總結以上觀察,我們推測12月美聯儲可能選擇等待新政府上任,預先保留往後操作空間,利率按兵不動機會大增。 如果當月有降息,應只會出現半碼幅度,在明年第一季傳統淡季來臨時,利率水平將被維持住,通脹可望再度冷卻。

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